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20% (1993 est. In 1916, after the British government suspected that the sultan was falling under the influence of the Ottoman government, launched an expedition from Egypt to capture and annex Darfur into the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. While dry, goz may also support rich pasture and arable land. The average hurricane season has about two Cape Verde-type hurricanes, which are usually the largest and most intense storms of the season because they often have plenty of warm open ocean over which to develop before encountering land. [13][14][15] They were discovered by Genoese and Portuguese navigators around 1456. Off the northwestern coast of Sri Lanka a chain of limestone shoals, known as Adam's Bridge, separates the Gulf of Mannar from the Palk Strait, and runs along the water to the southeastern coast of India. The Portuguese territory came into existence during the history of Gondwana and became aligned with European landforms after the super-continent Pangea began its slow separation into several smaller plates. Jammeh, chairman of the AFPRC, became head of state. The PAICV and its predecessor established a one-party system and ruled Cape Verde from independence until 1990.[17]. [9] These islands lie between 600 and 850 kilometres (320 and 460 nautical miles) west of Cap-Vert, the westernmost point of continental Africa. The divisions of the Gambia were created by the Independent Electoral Commission in accordance to Article 192 of the National Constitution. Sri Lanka shares its maritime borders with India and Maldives. Guinea is a traditional name for the region of the African coast of West Africa which lies along the Gulf of Guinea. [17], The major ports are Mindelo and Praia, but all other islands have smaller port facilities. In 2007, together with the Cape Verdean Police, they carried out Operation Flying Launch (Operaco Lancha Voadora), a successful operation to put an end to a drug trafficking group which smuggled cocaine from Colombia to the Netherlands and Germany using the country as a reorder point. Elliesie, Hatem, "Sudan under the Constraints of (International) Human Rights Law and Humanitarian Law: The Case of Darfur", in Hatem Elliesie (ed. Their fates included being sent into exile, harassment, arbitrary imprisonment, murder, and forced disappearance. The Gambia became a British Crown colony called British Gambia, divided for administrative purposes into the colony (city of Banjul and the surrounding area) and the protectorate (remainder of the territory). Other large communities live in the United Kingdom (35,500), the Netherlands (20,000, of which 15,000 are concentrated in Rotterdam), and Luxembourg and Scandinavia (7,000). In terms of the civil service, he can appoint the Public Service Commission, the ombudsman, and the Independent Electoral Commission. [91] Other premium channels are available in Cape Verde, especially satellite network channels which are common in hotels and villas, though availability is otherwise limited. They were centered in the Marrah Mountains and left records of valuable rock engravings, stone architecture and a (orally preserved) list of kings. [68] Most of the European minority is British, although many of the British left after independence. The president is the head of state and is elected by popular vote for a five-year term. Northern Tanzanian rivers mostly empty into Lake Victoria while the western part of the country lies in the watershed of Lake Tanganyika. [14], On 14 February 2017, the Gambia began the process of returning to its membership of the Commonwealth and formally presented its application to re-join to Secretary-General Patricia Scotland on 22 January 2018. Most of the region consists of a semi-arid plain and thus appears unsuitable for developing a large and complex civilization. [42] On Santiago, Santo Anto, and So Nicolau, arid slopes give way in places to sugarcane fields or banana plantations spread along the base of towering mountains. Sri Lanka is one of the Asian countries with two capitals. Without natural barriers, the Gambia has become home to most of the ethnic groups that are present throughout western Africa, especially those in Senegal. On 30 June 1975, Cape Verdeans elected a National Assembly which received the instruments of independence from Portugal on 5 July 1975. NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center. It is known to separate the "Old World" of Africa, Europe and Asia from the "New World" of the Americas in the European perception of the World. After 1995 President Jammeh established diplomatic relations with several additional countries, including Libya (suspended in 2010), and Cuba. Since the GAF was formed in 1985, it has been active in UN and African Union peacekeeping missions. [42], A popular dish served in Cape Verde is cachupa, a slow-cooked stew of corn (hominy), beans, and fish or meat. The archipelago of modern-day Cape Verde was formed approximately 4050 million years ago during the Eocene era. These trends were held in 2017. Extreme temperatures occur in the mountains in the interior North and Centre of the country in winter, where they may fall below 10C (14F) or in rare occasions below 15C (5F), particularly in the higher peaks of Serra da Estrela, and in southeastern parts in the summer, sometimes exceeding 45C (113F). The figure may be lower for girls in rural areas, where cultural factors and poverty prevent parents from sending girls to school. Porto Novo on Santo Anto is the only source for imports and exports of produce from the island as well as passenger traffic since the closure of the airstrip at Ponta do Sol. This referendum failed to receive the two-thirds majority required to amend the constitution, but the results won widespread attention abroad as testimony to the Gambia's observance of secret balloting, honest elections, civil rights, and liberties. The sea-zone, over which Portugal exercises special territorial rights over the economic exploration and use of marine resources encircles an area of 1,727,408 square kilometres (666,956sqmi) (divided as: Continental Portugal 327,667km2, Azores Islands 953,633km2, Madeira Islands 446,108km2). [108] Since the 1960s, an English-language Gambian literature has emerged. The flora of the western Sudan consists of the scrub vegetation of the transitional zone known as the Sahel in the north and a mix of tall trees and high savanna grasslands in the south. [41] On 20 January 2017, Jammeh announced that he had agreed to step down and would leave the country. This index compares life-expectancy, years of schooling, gross national income (GNI) per capita and other factors. Culturally, the people of the region belong for the most part to one of three major language families. both Gambia and the Gambia are in common use. The sea surface temperature is higher in the south coast where it varies from 15.516C (59.960.8F) in January to 2123C (69.873.4F) in August, occasionally reaching 25C (77F); on the west coast the sea surface temperature is around 1416C (57.260.8F) in winter and 1820C (6468F) in the summer. [16], The name "Gambia" is derived from the Mandinka term Kambra/Kambaa, meaning Gambia River (or possibly from the sacred Serer Gamba,[17] a special type of calabash beaten when a Serer elder dies). [76] The islands have a long history of emigration and Cape Verdeans are highly dispersed worldwide, from Macau to Haiti and Argentina to Sweden. Responding to growing pressure for pluralistic democracy, the PAICV called an emergency congress in February 1990 to discuss proposed constitutional changes to end one-party rule. There are also well-known artists born to Cape Verdean parents who excelled themselves in the international music scene. In 2013, the Cape Verdean government determined that it would thenceforth use the Portuguese name Cabo Verde for official purposes, including at the United Nations, even when speaking or writing in English. Cape Verdean literature is one of the richest of Lusophone Africa. Although his election was initially met with enthusiasm, the Centre notes that this has been dampened by Barrow's initial constitutional faux pas with his vice president, the challenge of inclusion, and high expectations post-Jammeh. A video roundup of today's news from AgDay. [49] The archipelago can be divided into four broad ecological zones arid, semiarid, subhumid and humid, according to altitude and average annual rainfall ranging from less than 100 millimetres (3.9 inches) in the arid areas of the coast as in the Deserto de Viana (67 millimetres (2.6 inches) in Sal Rei) to more than 1,000 millimetres (39 inches) in the humid mountain. [3] The Central Cordillera is itself divided into two blocks, while three main river systems drain the differing geomorphological terrains:[3]. Legislative elections in January 2001 returned power to the PAICV, with the PAICV holding 40 of the National Assembly seats, MpD 30, and Party for Democratic Convergence (PCD) and Labour and Solidarity Party (PTS) 1 each. [18] Cape Verde was the first stop of Charles Darwin's voyage with HMSBeagle in 1832. A second feature are the wadis, which range from seasonal watercourses that flood only occasionally during the wet season to large wadis that flood for most of the rains and flow from western Darfur hundreds of kilometres west to Lake Chad. The Sudanese government had not commented on the peace document. [19] The administration of Yahya Jammeh changed the long-form name to Islamic Republic of the Gambia in December 2015. Traders initially sent people to Europe to work as servants until the market for labour expanded in the West Indies and North America in the 18th century. [40], Although located in Africa, Cape Verde has always had close relations with Europe. As with other West African countries, the Gambia has a tradition of oral literature, including the griots, traditional storytellers and musicians. In Africa, Senegal represented the biggest trade partner of the Gambia in 2007, which is a defining contrast to previous years that had Guinea-Bissau and Ghana as equally important trade partners. From 1965 to 1994, the country was ostensibly a multi-party liberal democracy. Legislative elections in December 1995 increased the MpD majority in the National Assembly. The country's eastern borders are formed by the Indian Ocean. [35] (It has participated in elections since, however). Lake Nyasa is also part of this mountain system. [17], In 1956, Amlcar Cabral and a group of fellow Cape Verdeans and Guineans organized (in Portuguese Guinea) the clandestine African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC). [62] In a 1996 referendum, 70% of voters approved the constitution, and in December 1996 Jammeh was elected as president. [17], During the existence of the Calais Jungle refugee camp, Darfur was listed as a major source of the camp's inhabitants.[18]. It is one of the 10 countries with the most international borders in the world. Apparently he was suspected of knowing about the 2006 failed coup.[115]. [20] On 29 January 2017 President Adama Barrow changed the name back to Republic of the Gambia.[21][22]. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}1300N 2500E / 13.000N 25.000E / 13.000; 25.000, Darfur (/drfr/ dar-FOOR; Arabic: , romanized:Dr Fr, lit. The northern portion of western Africa is composed of a broad band of semiarid terrain, called the western Sudan, stretching from the Atlantic Ocean on the west to the area of Lake Chad on the east, a distance of about 2,500 miles (4,000 km). She was also referred to as "The Queen of Morna"[93] as opposed to her uncle Bana, who was referred to as "King of Morna". [2] The fighting reached a peak in 2003 with the beginning of the Darfur conflict, in which the resistance coalesced into a roughly cohesive rebel movement. mi. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Two years later, these were followed by a Strategic Plan for Sustainable Development, 20172021.[61]. To the north the landscape is mountainous in the interior areas with plateaus, cut by four breakings lines that allow the development of more fertile agricultural areas. Proposals for a new Darfur Regional Authority were also included; this authority would have an executive council of 18 ministers and would remain in place for five years. A February 1996 presidential election returned President Monteiro to office. He can also appoint five members of the National Assembly, the judges of the superior courts, regional governors, and district chiefs. Roland Marchal, "Chad/Darfur: how two crises merge.". Basement rock is too infertile to be farmed, but provides sporadic forest cover that can be grazed by animals. Wildfires occur mostly in the summer in mainland Portugal and extreme weather in the form of strong winds and floods also occurs mainly in winter. However, in 1961 the British Governor chose UP leader Pierre Sarr N'Jie to serve as the country's first head of government, in the form of a Chief Minister. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [28], The two main political parties are PAICV and MpD. Problems have since been resolved and relations between the countries are good. [17], *Tornados - counted for last 5 years [21], Environment - current issues: However, the country never experienced political turnover during this period and its commitment to succession by the ballot box was never tested. In 1992, a contingent of Nigerian soldiers helped lead the GNA. Its boundaries are defined as bordering Mexico to the north, Colombia to the south, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. These plates never separated substantially from each other since this period. The GN is equipped with patrol vessels, and Taiwan donated a number of new vessels to the force in 2013. A variety of ethnic groups live in the Gambia, each preserving its own language and traditions. Amongst these artists are jazz pianist Horace Silver, Duke Ellington's saxophonist Paul Gonsalves, Tefilo Chantre, Paul Pena, the Tavares brothers and singer Lura. As many as three million people may have been taken as slaves from this general region during the three centuries that the transatlantic slave trade operated. Most of the year's rain falls in September.[48]. In comparative terms, the Gambia has a total area slightly less than that of the island of Jamaica. Cape Verde (/vrd(i)/ (listen)) or Cabo Verde (/kbo vrde/ (listen), /kb-/; Portuguese:[kabu ved]), officially the Republic of Cabo Verde, is an archipelago and island country in the central Atlantic Ocean, consisting of ten volcanic islands with a combined land area of about 4,033 square kilometres (1,557sqmi). [34] President Yahya Jammeh, who was elected to continue in the position he had assumed during the coup, took the oath of office again on 21 December 2001. The UK, Germany, Ivory Coast, and the Netherlands also provide a fair share of Gambian imports. The outline map represents Sri Lanka, an island nation in South Asia. [28], At the Doha Peace Forum in June, the Joint Mediators proposed a new Darfur Peace Agreement, which would supersede the Abuja Agreement of 2005 and if signed, would halt preparations for a Darfur status referendum. The Azores, which are located between the junction of the African, European and North American Plates, straddle the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Cape Verde has bilateral relations with some Lusophone nations and holds membership in a number of international organizations. In May 2009 the Lebanese Canadian Bank opened a subsidiary called Prime Bank. ), Elliesie, Hatem et al., "Different Approaches to Genocide Trials under National Jurisdiction on the African Continent: The Rwandan, Ethiopian and Sudanese Cases", in, Young, Osman, Abusin, Asher, Egemi "Livelihoods, Power, and Choice: The Vulnerability of the Northern Rizaygat, Darfur, Sudan" Feinstein Centre for Marginalized Peoples. The region's main towns are Al Fashir, Geneina, and Nyala. It is separated from the peninsular Indian subcontinent by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait. Northeastern slopes of high mountains often receive a lot of rain while southwest slopes do not. In towns with electricity, television is available on three channels; one state-owned (RTC TCV) and three foreign-owned: RTI Cabo Verde launched by the Portuguese-based RTI in 2005; Record Cabo Verde, launched by the Brazilian-based Rede Record on 31 March 2007; and as of 2016, TV CPLP. Thor Heyerdahl (Norwegian pronunciation: [tur h]; 6 October 1914 18 April 2002) was a Norwegian adventurer and ethnographer with a background in zoology, botany and geography.. Heyerdahl is notable for his Kon-Tiki expedition in 1947, in which he sailed 8,000 km (5,000 mi) across the Pacific Ocean in a hand-built raft from South America to the Tuamotu Islands. Fruits such as bananas and papayas are available year-round, while others like mangoes and avocados are seasonal. "[15] Over 2.8million people have become displaced since 2003, many of whom were children (see Lost Boys of Sudan). The total expenditure on education was 5.6% of GDP (2010). [117], This article is about the modern state. Then, everyone living in the now-claimed territory, became a part of an English colony. According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 78.3% of Gambian girls and women have suffered female genital mutilation. [111], Reporters Without Borders has accused "President Yahya Jammeh's police state" of using murder, arson, unlawful arrest and death threats against journalists. Cape Verde is famous for wave sailing[citation needed] (a type of windsurfing) and kiteboarding[citation needed]. [93] In 1995 the gross primary enrolment rate was 77.1% and the net primary enrolment rate was 64.7%[93] School fees long prevented many children from attending school, but in February 1998 President Jammeh ordered the termination of fees for the first six years of schooling. Another important river, the Mondego, originates in the Serra da Estrela (the highest mountains in mainland Portugal at 1,993m). [68], In May 2009 twelve commercial banks existed in the Gambia, including one Islamic bank. signed, but not ratified: As observed on the location map above, Tanzania is located just below the Equator in the Southern and Eastern Hemisphere. Cape Verde has the second best educational system in Africa, after South Africa. [11] The name Cap-Vert, in turn, comes from the Portuguese language Cabo Verde ('green cape'), the name that Portuguese explorers gave the cape in 1444, a few years before they came across the islands. In some islands, like Santiago, the wetter climate of the interior and the eastern coast contrasts with the drier one on the south/southwest coast. A famine in the mid-1980s disrupted many societal structures and led to the first significant modern fighting amongst Darfuris. Since the late Oligocene, the Iberian plate has been moving as part of the Eurasian plate, with the boundary between Eurasia and Africa situated along the AzoresGibraltar fracture zone. Along the better-watered Atlantic coastal areas, the chief features are (west to east) the Mauritanian-Senegal Basin, drained by the Sngal River; the Fouta Djallon and Guinea Highlands; the Volta River and Niger River coastal plains; and the uplands of Nigerias Jos Plateau and the Cameroon Highlands. Cape Verde music incorporates "African, Portuguese and Brazilian influences. The party won 50 of the National Assembly's 72 seats. [90] Murders are concentrated in the major population centres of Praia and Mindelo.[90]. In 1951, Cape Verde was incorporated as an overseas department of Portugal, but its inhabitants continued to campaign for independence, which they achieved in 1975. In 2004, there were seven radio stations, six independent and one state-owned. Four main channels flow through several islands and islets at the mouth of the Vouga, Antu, Boco, and Fonto Rivers. The Gambian trade deficit for 2007 was $331million. The Mandinka ethnicity is the most numerous, followed by the Fula, Wolof, Jola/Karoninka, Serahule / Jahanka, Serers, Manjago, Bambara, Aku Marabou, Bainunka and others,[1] such as Tukulor. Located in the south western part of the country, Colombo is a port city and one of the largest man-made harbors in the world. The northern border is the Sahara Desert, with the Ranishanu Bend generally considered the northernmost part of the region. After two years of direct rule, a new constitution was written and in 1996, the leader of the AFPRC, Yahya Jammeh, was elected as president. Sri Lanka is an island country located to the south of the Indian Peninsula in the Indian Ocean and has an area of 65,610 sq. The Carnival and the island of So Vicente are portrayed in the 2015 feature documentary Tchindas, nominated at the 12th Africa Movie Academy Awards. [17] Cape Verde maintains a vigorously active foreign policy, especially in Africa.[17]. Please select which sections you would like to print: Although this continent is full of natural resources and diverse wildlife, how much do you really know about Africa? Cape Verde's population is among the healthiest in Africa. In addition, there are 28 health centers, 35 sanitation centers, and a variety of private clinics located throughout the archipelago. The term West Africa is also often used to refer to this part of the continent. The country is a horseshoe-shaped cluster of ten islands (nine inhabited) and eight islets,[42] that constitute an area of 4033km2 (1557 sq. West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of Africa.The United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo, as well as Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom Overseas While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Banjul contained an airstrip for the US Army Air Forces and a port of call for Allied naval convoys. The Cape Verde archipelago is in the Atlantic Ocean, approximately 570 kilometres (350mi) off the western coast of the African continent, near Senegal, Gambia, and Mauritania as well as part of the Macaronesia ecoregion. [17], The prime minister is the head of government and proposes other ministers and secretaries of state. It declined economically in the 19th century after the suppression of the Atlantic slave trade, and many of its inhabitants emigrated during that period. Lenrie Peters is considered the founding father of this literature, whilst notable writers include Tijan Sallah, Nana Grey-Johnson and Mariama Khan. From Cairo to Khartoum, sort out this facts in this African odyssey. [4][26] It is among the most democratic nations in Africa, ranking 26th in the world, according to the 2018 Democracy Index. In the 21st century, a few thousand Europeans and Latin Americans have settled in the country, mostly professionals, entrepreneurs, and retirees. [10] It is the language of instruction and government. In December 2010, representatives of the Liberation and Justice Movement, an umbrella organisation of ten rebel groups, formed in February of that year,[19] started a fresh round of talks with the Sudanese Government in Doha, Qatar. 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