The two methods are. 2) Pupils with low I.Q may not see the connection between the example given and the. Similarly Engel, the German statistician employed inductive method and used statistics to formulate his law of consumption. It means that the technical terms used during the analysis must clearly be defined. For this purpose, economists now use statistical and econometric methods. 1. Plagiarism Prevention 4. More so, when he uses mathematics or econometrics. In order to accomplish this, it is necessary first to identify or characterize the logical consequences of a set of sentences. It can only show that the hypothesis is not inconsistent with the known facts. 1.1.2 Advantage of Inductive-Consensual Enquiry Advantage of Inductive-Consensual Enquiry is simple . They see patterns or make observations that lead them to certain conclusions. But other things seldom remain the same which tend to refute theories. The deductive method is a form of reasoning that derives from the scientific method and whose purpose is to obtain logical conclusions from a group of premises; that is, it is deduced. The deductive method results in accuracy and exactness in generalization, because of logical reasoning. rule or principle formed. On the contrary the Historical School in Germany represented by Carl Knies, Roscher, Hildebrand, etc., affirmed faith in inductive method. 3) It develops logical thinking and creativity. By discovering and providing general principles, induction helps future investigations. Lets take a closer look at the differences between inductive and deductive instruction. It means that the validity of hypothesis in practical may be tested by the use of statistical techniques. Pros generally more reliable because it is based on facts and evidence. Each method has its advantages and its use will depend on the situation to be investigated, the field you want to study or the approach you want to have. They are using the two methods to confirm the conclusions drawn through deduction by inductive reasoning and vice versa. Then inferences are drawn which are verified against observed facts. It helps in future inquiries and acts as a guide for future inquiries. Thus, after the general hypothesis about the effectiveness of aspirin had been put forward, physicians began to apply it to specific, newly encountered headache cases. But unlike the natural sciences, there is little scope for experimentation in economics because economics deals with human behaviour which differs from person to person and from place to place. The understanding of the phenomenon can be deduced from the nature of the axioms. It is highly practical add realistic as it describes things as they are. 3.9.2. Thus, statistical techniques lack concreteness. The students find the solutions of some problems like based on this formula (specific). Thus, the inductive method has the merit of applying generalisations only to related situations or phenomena. It can be time-saving. is able to decide regarding the extent of increase in the dearness allowance (DA). This method is extremely useful in natural and physical sciences which deal with matter. Since, the differences are general in nature, and the classification as mentioned above is particular in nature, it proceeds from general to particular. . The deductive method is an approach to reasoning that is based on deduction, or starting from a general case and, from that general case, drawing a conclusion about something more specific. This premise is based on a priori knowledge which will continue to be accepted so long as conclusions deduced from it are consistent with the facts. Thus this is an example of deductive method. These steps are discussed as under. 4. (3) The formulation of hypothesis through the process of logical reasoning whereby inferences are drawn. Since it is drawn from a particular historical situation, it cannot be applied to all situations unless they are exactly similar. Disclaimer 9. THEN: the rooster causes the sun to rise. The codes can be developed as strictly organizational tools, or they can be created . The deductive method derives new conclusions from fundamental assumptions or from truth established by other methods. Copyright 10. The deductive method is simple because it is analytical. (2/8). Merits of Deductive Method : The following merits are found in the deductive method. For instance, it is assumed that businessmen aim at maximum profit. It is helpful in verifying the conclusions of the deductive method. For instance, India and America differ in their factor endowments. The best example of inductive reasoning in economics is the formulation of the generalisation of diminishing returns. B) Writing a letter to his father describing a particular event of his life, is an example of inductive method because, the event and the language (use of words) differs from student to student (general) while the format of the letter is always specific as it always starts with Respected Father, then is the body of the letter and finally the closure is done by your (loving) son/daughter followed by name. For this, it uses statistical methods. The chief merits of this method are as follows: The inductive method is realistic because it is based on facts and explains them as they actually are. Inductive reasoning, on other hand, criticized because "no amount of empirical data will necessarily enable . The hypothetico-deductive method is an attempt to describe the scientific method as a way of using empirical claims to populate deductive arguments. Examining Health and. No bother on the part of the teacher to lead learners to the formulation of the generalization or rule. (1/2). In inductive thinking, one considers a number of particular or specific items of information to develop more inclusive or general conceptions. Thus if the properties of individual elements in a group like chemical reactivity, melting point, boiling point, ionization energy etc. Through induction the reports of these specific individuals were the basis for developing a more inclusive notion: aspirin may be helpful in relieving headaches in general. Deductive emphasizes proof. They are the two forms of logic that are complementary and co-relative and help establish the truth. Advantages of Direct Instruction. The hypothetico-deductive model or method is a proposed description of the scientific method.According to it, scientific inquiry proceeds by formulating a hypothesis in a form that can be falsifiable, using a test on observable data where the outcome is not yet known.A test outcome that could have and does run contrary to predictions of the hypothesis is taken as a falsification of the hypothesis. The procedures for deriving conclusions from a set of sentences then need be examined to verify that all logical consequences and only these are deducible from that set. Further, the use of the mathematical-deductive method helps in revealing inconsistencies in economic analysis. A deductive approach to instruction is a more teacher-centered approach. It is the most used scientific method. Induction helps in future enquiries. The method gives a very high standard of precision in abstract economic reasoning. It is likewise called rule-driven knowing. As it proceeds from particular to general, therefore it is an example of inductive method. This consists of several essential steps: can be time-consuming and expensive. A deductive method starts with the presentation of a rule and is followed by examples in which the rule is applied. The deductive method has its own strengths and weaknesses, according to Widodo (2006), which are in the following table: Strengths 1-The Deductive approach goes straight forwardly to the point and time-saving. Induction relies on statistical numbers for analysis that can be misused and misinterpreted when the assumptions which are required for their use are forgotten., Boulding points out that statistical information can only give us propositions whose truth is more or less probable it can never give us certainty.. As a matter of fact, deduction and induction are the two forms of logic that help to establish the truth. The hypothetico-deductive method requires an experimental verification. It involves the process of reasoning from certain laws or principles, which are assumed to be true, to the analysis of facts. The two methods have to be made use of or blended to achieve the required objective. include that the person is more likely to learn and remember how they got to the answer in the future and also they remember the stages. Since economics is concerned with human behaviour, there are problems in making observation and testing a hypothesis. Conversely, inductive instruction is a much more student-centred approach and makes use of a strategy known as noticing. To reason is to draw inferences appropriate to the situation. 1. See below for an example of how I organize deductive and inductive analytic practices into cycles. When a Scottish farmer found that in the cultivation of his field an increase in the amount of labour and capital spent on it was bringing in less than proportionate returns year after year, an economist observed such instances in the case of a number of other farms, and then he arrived at the generalisation that is known as the Law of Diminishing Returns. In economics, most hypotheses remain unverified because of the complexity of factors involved in human behaviour which, in turn, depend upon social, political and economic factors. (4) Verifying the hypothesis. When economic analysis is conducted through deductive method, the economic analyst has to proceed from general to particular. The above analysis reveals that independently neither deduction nor induction is helpful in scientific enquiry. A) Ask students to draw a few sets of parallel lines with two lines in each set. When a hypothesis is tested, assumptions are indirectly tested by comparing their implications with facts. The deduction was that, if aspirin is generally useful in managing pains in the head, it might also be helpful in easing pains elsewhere in the body. Deductive reasoning, or deduction, initiates with a general statement, or hypothesis, and examines the possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion. In short, a data analysis process that draws on both deductive and inductive analysis supports a more organized, rigorous, and analytically sound qualitative study. Strengths of Deductive Reasoning Supports judgments - Effective decision-making, including decisions about one's place of employment, can be supported by deductive reasoning. It is the method of intellectual experiment, according to Boulding. According to Boulding this method of deductive reasoning is the method of intellectual experiment. For example, J.B.Say, claimed universal validity for his Law of Markets in which he maintained that supply creates its own demand and there will not be over-production in the market. B) Explaining a poem in prose with reference to context is an example of deductive method because the poem being given (general), we always try to pen the specific idea or thought of the poet in prose. An example of the use of the deductive method is: 1-All men are . Under these conditions, the hypothesis may turn out to the wrong. If assumptions are wrong, generalizations made on the basis of wrong assumptions will be imperfect and invalid. The next step in deduction is the framing of assumptions which are the basis of hypothesis. The sum will be same (= 180) in each case. C) Writing an essay on the book I like most, is an example of inductive method because while the format of essay i.e., introduction followed by body and finally, the conclusion, always remains the same (specific) but the book and the reasons for liking it and the words used differ from individual to individual (general). The deductive method has many advantages. Deduction is based mainly on assumptions which are perfectly valid. Inductive method has the following merits: 1. Elements in the periodic table are divided into several groups which have similar properties and electronic configurations etc. Data are used to make observation about particular facts concerning the problem. This is compared with an inductive approach, which starts with examples and asks learners to find rules, and hence is more learner-centred.
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