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The dsrB sequences were converted to amino acid sequences and aligned using ClustalW using default parameters. After 8-months the amount of dsrB in biofilm increased to 5 104 and 1.9 103 copies cm-2 on 8M-6C-coupons and 8M-RT-coupons, respectively (p < 0.01; Figure 1B). Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. -, Brody J., Kern S. (2004). Microorganisms are also able to produce corrosive agents, such as organic acids or sulfide, and consume hydrogen that is produced in the corrosion process (Little et al., 1992; Lee et al., 1995). ACS Appl. Sci. This investigation comprised the characterisation of the microbial community present in corroded seal rings and the recovery of cultivable microorganisms for MIC laboratory investigation. The pickling (HCl + 20 g/L Sb2O3 + 50 g/L SnCl2, 23C, 5 min) was performed four times. Palaeontol. Highly stressed components are potential initiation sites for MIC induced stress corrosion cracking. Microorganisms selected were CCC-IOB3 (P. balearica), CCC-SPP14 (E. roggenkampii), and CCC-APB5 (S. chilikensis). Sci. Machuca, L. L. & Polomka, A. Microbiologically influenced corrosion in floating production systems. Videla, H. A. Processes of carbonate precipitation in modern microbial mats. BioMed Res. In the enlarged image (Fig. Qian, C., Zheng, T., Zhang, X. 70, 19771998 (2019). 2021 Jun 28;12:675628. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.675628. Cells had very smooth cell envelope suggesting that they may be Gram-positive. Biotechnol Biofuels 11, 193193 (2018). There are, however, several materials that are impervious or resistant to MIC where cost and compatibility justify their use. Differences in the deterioration pattern and corrosion measurements suggest variations in the corrosion mechanisms promoted by each isolate. Corrosion rate was calculated from the average weight loss of three coupons. 6a. Microscope images of the surfaces of carbon steel coupons exposed for 21days to (a) control (b) P. balearica CCC-IOB3 (c) E. roggenkampii CCC-SPP14 (d) S. chilikensis CCC-APB5. Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) and its potential in bioconcrete: microbiological and molecular concepts. & Herrera, L. K. Microbiologically influenced corrosion looking to the future. At RT the detected bands belonged to families Desulfobacteraceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Desulfobulbaceae, and Thermodesulfovibrio. According to the XRD results, the mineral particles were mainly composed of calcite. 11426 (Houston, TX: NACE International). doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2002.tb00914.x, Hedrich, S., Schlmann, M., and Johnson, B. Lou, Y. et al. The broad metabolic capabilities of this genus suggest that these microorganisms can induce or accelerate corrosion through different mechanisms including EET-MIC (extracellular electron transfer MIC) and CMIC (chemical MIC)62. Altschul S., Gish W., Miller W., Myers E., Lipman D. (1990). (2012). Also, a small number of smaller corrosion pits with a diameter of 50 m were observed on one 8M-6C-coupon (Figure 6). Andritsos, N., Kontopoulou, M., Karabelas, A. Duncan, K. et al. Burns, J. L. & DiChristina, T. J. Anaerobic respiration of elemental sulfur and thiosulfate by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 requires psrA, a homolog of the phsA gene of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium LT2. PubMed Central The O1s spectrum could be fitted with five peaks, namely, O2, OH, carbonate, organic O, and H2O. Appl. Phylogenetic tree of bacterial diversity, based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences obtained by 16S gene-based PCR-DGGE, in relation to cultured- and the closest uncultured relatives. 84, e00790-e818 (2018). Role of iron-reducing bacteria in corrosion and protection of carbon steel. However, the mechanism of mixed consortium induced carbon steel corrosion is relatively underexplored. In Supplementary Fig. Available at: http://www.geneious.com, Enning, D., Venzlaff, H., Garrelfs, J., Dinh, H., Meyer, V., Mayrhofer, K., et al. In summary, the influence of S. putrefaciens on the MICI behavior of Q235 carbon steel was investigated in this study. PubMed The authors acknowledge the facilities and technical assistance of Microscopy and Microanalysis facility John de Laeter Center at Curtin University. In the initial stage of immersion, S. putrefaciens in the logarithmic phase rapidly proliferates and secretes EPSs, which attach to the coupon surface to form biofilms. (2013). Microbial influenced corrosion that associated with biofilm has been one of the major problem in industry. Biodegrad. In Fig. The presence of genes involved in iron metabolism and nitrate reduction was confirmed through genome sequencing (GenBank accession number CP045858)79. The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Scientific and Technical Information Formamide, 0.1 L 10-1 L reaction mix, was used for amplification of the 16S rRNA gene fragments. The drill hole was located at the depth of 100 m, which is the same level as the bottom of the repository silo and can be reached from the maintenance tunnel in the repository cave. For PCR amplification, the universal bacterial primers 27F (5 AGAGTTTGGATCCTGGCTCAG 3)93 and 1492R (5 CGGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT 3)94 were employed. 4, 19. Microbiologically influenced corrosion inhibition (MICI) of Q235 carbon steel by biomineralization was investigated via a combination of surface analysis, electrochemistry, and scanning. Environ. 79, 94 (2020). However, industries that either heavily use saltwater, freshwater, or chemicals in their operations -- or operate in environments rich in them -- are most prone to biocorrosion risks. doi: 10.1038/nature02321, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Drummond, A. J., Ashton, B., Buxton, S., Cheung, M., Cooper, A., Heled, J., et al. When steel was completely covered by the biofilm, the bacteria inhibited corrosion, likely due to O2 scavenging, whereas when steel was partially covered, corrosion was accelerated in the uncovered area. Weiwei Chang: investigation and methodology. At 6C microbes were rod shaped and frequently observed as diplobacilli and had an appearance suggesting that they are Gram-negative bacteria. One representative sequences was chosen from each sample for each phylogenetic group. (1991). 1b). The compositions and microstructures of the mineralized particles were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Sci. Microbiol. Sci. Accelerated corrosion of 2205 duplex stainless steel caused by marine aerobic Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. In Fig. Microbiologically influenced corrosion inhibition of carbon steel via Then, one side of the coupon was wet ground (deionised water) using silicon carbide papers of 80, 120, 320, and 600 grit, consecutively. 178, 109057 (2021). Google Scholar. The alignments were checked and manually edited. Briefly, the carbon steel coupons were shaken in 10 mL sterile phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and Tween20 (Merck, Germany; 1 L Tween20 1 mL-1 PBS) for 20 min at 150 rpm agitation followed by ultra sonication for 3 min. doi: 10.1080/01490451.2011.635759, Purkamo, L., Bomberg, M., Nyyssnen, M., Kukkonen, I., Ahonen, L., Kietvinen, R., et al. Saitou, N. & Nei, M. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. However, after 8 months (8M) the conductivity increased to 2.95 and 2.97 in the RT and 6C incubations, respectively (Table 3). Epub 2021 Aug 8. X-ray micro-computed tomography analysis of accumulated corrosion products in deep-water shipwrecks. In both cases, differences could be seen between samples exposed to sterile medium and medium . Microbiome 6, 117 (2018). The wear resistance of the mineralized layers was tracked by weight loss assays and surface morphology changes under mixed sandwater erosion conditions. Videla, H. A. This result is consistent with the weight loss data, indicating that the mineralized layer has wear resistance43. The surface morphologies of Q235 carbon steel after immersion with and without S. putrefaciens were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The pH decrease observed in the test solution suggested that E. roggenkampii was using the fermentation pathways and producing acids during its metabolic activities. Before the immersion tests, all coupons were weighed and recorded using an electronic balance (ME204, Mettler Toledo). 36, 230235 (2010). Carbon steel coupons were exposed to anoxic groundwater from repository site 100 m depth (Olkiluoto, Finland) for periods of 3 and 8 months. The experiment was carried out in the absence (control system) and presence (experimental system) of bacteria. Gerdes, B., Brinkmeyer, R., Dieckmann, G. & Helmke, E. Influence of crude oil on changes of bacterial communities in Arctic sea-ice. Notably, the blue areas represented mineralized particles between bacterial clusters on the coupon surface (Fig. 35, 322332 (2010). At RT SRB belonging to the family Desulfobacteraceae were detected whereas at 6C the dsrB genes belonged to family Desulfobulbaceae. Elemental composition of carbon steel. The compositions of the surface product in media with and without S. putrefaciens were investigated using energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Dawei Zhang: supervision, conceptualization, methodology, and writingoriginal draft, writingreview and editing. Pipeline failures can lead to large economic losses and environmental problems. SWP-4 inoculated medium based on weight loss method Fig. The intensity of the Ca2p peak for the coupon immersed in the S. putrefaciens-inoculated medium was much stronger than that for the sample immersed in the sterile medium. Microbiol. In addition, the carbon steel had a positive effect on the bacterial community size and composition, indicating that the native groundwater bacterial communities may benefit from compounds in carbon steel and that the corrosion of carbon steel and subsequent release of these compounds may cause the number of microorganisms to increase and composition of microbial community to change. Most of the microorganisms detected in the seal rings are classified as aerobic species, although many of them can survive without oxygen (facultative anaerobes). Figure 9a shows the CLSM images of the surface of the mineral layers formed by S. putrefaciens, on which an artificial scratch with a width and depth of ~40m was made. Carbonate and oxalate crystallization by interaction of calcite marble with Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus subtilisAspergillus niger association. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. A review of microbial induced corrosion in nuclear power plant systems Biol. The error bars present SE of mean (n = 3). Study of microbial induced corrosion in carbon steel by sulfate Notably, the peaks of organic O and H2O were detected in the spectrum of the sample immersed in the S. putrefaciens-inoculated medium. Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C. & Tamura, K. MEGA X: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Subedi, D., Vijay, A. K., Kohli, G. S., Rice, S. A. Rapid reactivation of deep subsurface microbes in the presence of C-1 compounds. The corrosion mechanism of carbon steel under deposit in the presence of sulfate reducing bacterium (SRB) Desulfotomaculum nigrificans was studied using surface analysis, weight loss and electrochemical measurements. Microbially induced corrosion of carbon steel and stainless steel in ADS Skovhus, T. L., Lee, J. S., & Little, B. J. The mineral particle had a rhombohedral structure. Int. Perform. Machuca, L. L., Microbiologically induced corrosion associated with the wet storage of subsea pipelines (wet parking). The coupons were weighed, cleaned with a brush and pickled according to the Standard Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Corrosion Test Coupons (ASTM standard G 1-90, 2011). Corrosion rates induced by the individual isolates were evaluated in artificial seawater using short term immersion experiments at 40C under anaerobic conditions. A dual system for nitrate reduction (NAP, NAR), a system for metal reduction (MTR), genes involved in thiosulphate reduction (phsA, glpE), genes for riboflavin biosynthesis (ribF), and genes related to nanowires (prepilin peptidases and biogenesis proteins Msh complex) were detected in its genome. Baltar, F. et al. Microbially induced corrosion of carbon steel in deep groundwater Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) has been estimated to contribute at least 20% to 40% of the total corrosion costs 11, 12. Huang, Y. et al. & Gubner, R. Systematic study of the corrosion properties of selected high-resistance alloys in natural seawater. Results showed that both the general corrosion and localized corrosion were considerably promoted by SRB under deposit. 86, e01664-e1619 (2019). The measurements were conducted by means of a four-electrode system consisting of the traditional three-electrode system and a platinum ultramicroelectrode (UME) as another working electrode53. Environ. The coupons were subsequently inspected under a low magnification stereomicroscope to reveal the nature of the possible corrosion attack. The pH of the test solution was adjusted to 7.3 with sodium bicarbonate. After 8 months of incubation a dense biofilm as well as a substantial number of corrosion pits had formed on the carbon steel coupons incubated at both temperatures. FEMS Microbiol. 2014, 803219 (2014). Micrographs of the three bacterial isolates showed their ability to form biofilms over the metal surface (Fig. 2016 Jan 11;6:1538. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01538. In Corrosion 2017, Conference & Expo , Paper No. MATH Sci. Electrochemical measurements are often conducted at room temperature instead of at in situ temperature. First, coupons were electro-coated with a protective epoxy (Powercron 6000CX, PPG Industrial coatings). Besides the corrosion pits, the FE-SEM examination revealed microorganisms adhered to the carbon steel surfaces. 1). Application of microbial self-healing concrete: case study. Huang, L. et al. This investigation aimed to characterise and isolate microorganisms from corrosion products and study their potential to instigate MIC of carbon steel. PMC Google Scholar. Corrosion measurements were carried out to determine corrosion rates and pitting on the metal surface. The statistical significance for all analyses was accepted at p<0.05 (significance level). These controls comprised unused Sterivex- filtration units and the same DNA extraction protocol as used for the samples. The suspended living S. putrefaciens continuously adhered to the coupon surface to form mineral layers. Additionally, a cross-sectional analysis of the corrosion products and biofilms was performed using the FESEM coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Microbiol. 77, 385390 (2013). Eng. Geneious v5.3. Microbiologically Induced Corrosion (MIC) technically functions as an accelerant to more conventional corrosion processes. 2nd. 39, 165169 (2018). 182, 109263 (2021). Three of the isolated bacteria were selected for further corrosion investigation. and corrosion immersion expts., the resistance modulus of the coating added to the microcapsules was higher than the others in a 3.5 wt % NaCl corrosion soln., and it had the lowest corrosion c.d., so the self-healing microcapsule coatings showed excellent healing ability and corrosion inhibition function for microcracks. It has also been demonstrated that biofilms can promote corrosion by the creation of differential concentration cells, alteration of anion ratios, generation of corrosive substances, and inactivation of corrosion inhibitors61. 4d). Here we . Biotechnol. Appl. ACS Appl, Mater. a, b Q235 surface in the sterile medium after 7 days and 14 days; c, d Q235 surface in S. putrefaciens-inoculated medium after 7 days and 14 days. In MIC in the Upstream Oil and Gas Industry (eds Enning, D., Skovhus, T. S., & Lee, J. S.) 7585 (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2017). Confirmation of all possible corrosion mechanisms triggered by the bacteria isolated in this study requires further investigation, including their behaviour under different environmental conditions and their effect on other steels. After 8 months the concentrations of 16S rRNA gene copies were 4.53 106 mL-1 in 8M-6C and 2.76 107 mL-1 in 8M-RT (Figure 1A). doi: 10.1002/maco.201005955. These contaminants provide nutrients to bacteria, accelerating their proliferation. Lou, Y., Chang, W., Cui, T. et al. ad correspond to Fe2p, Ca2p, C1s, and O1s, respectively. Environ. Roalkvam, I. Moreover, several Pseudomonas species are naturally resistant to a variety of antimicrobial substances55,56,57, which help explain its dominance in the corroded seal rings despite the biocide treatment applied to the seawater. PLoS ONE 14, e0210339 (2019). The following are a selection of commonly impacted industries: Corrosion 58, 424428 (2002). PR, LC, MV, MB conceived, designed and performed the experiments, analyzed the data and wrote the paper. 5). Both the SRB community and the corrosion products were different depending on the temperature of incubation. In our experiment, this bacterium was abundant in water exposed to carbon steel, and it has been proposed that Desulfopila inferna is capable of using Fe0 as electron donor for sulfate reduction (Dinh et al., 2004; Enning et al., 2012). In Corrosion Control in the Oil and Gas Industry 715750 (Gulf Professional Publishing, 2014). Abdolahi, A., Hamzah, E., Ibrahim, Z. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Therefore, the assessment of microbially induced corrosion of carbon steel in deep bedrock environment has become important for evaluating the safety of disposal of radioactive waste. Geets, J., Borremans, B., Diels, L., Springael, D., Vangronsveld, J., van der Lelie, D., et al. Active microbial communities inhabit sulphate-methane interphase in deep bedrock fracture fluids in Olkiluoto, Finland. Their toxicity and potential contaminative effect precludes their use in any food products and many process fluids. Zhou, E., Li, H., Xu, D. & Wang, J. Biodeter. PubMed Genomic DNA was extracted with DNeasy PowerSoil Kit (Qiagen), as described by the manufacturer. Miller et al.58 showed that depending on biofilm distribution, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 could inhibit or enhance corrosion of steel. The elemental maps show that C, O, and Ca were evenly distributed on the particle surface. High-level abundances of Methanobacteriales and Syntrophobacterales may help to prevent corrosion of metal sheet piles. These results combined with the analysis of carbon and oxygen content indicated that the flaky minerals may be calcium carbonate. Contradictory corrosive behaviour of bacteria has been previously reported. This suggests that MIC was mainly triggered during seawater flooding and subsequent preservation, not during normal operation conditions. Marine bacteria provide lasting anticorrosion activity for steel via biofilm-induced mineralization. Sun, H., Shi, B., Yang, F. & Wang, D. Effects of sulfate on heavy metal release from iron corrosion scales in drinking water distribution system. 181, 109231 (2021). Nine different colony morphologies were observed on solid media, and all of the strains were rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria (Table S2). Bacteria belonging to the genera Cronobacter, Petrotoga, and Citrobacter were isolated from the seal rings even though they were not detected through DNA analysis, possibly because they were present in low abundances. (2010). J. Mol. Material substitution is of limited value since, as noted, MIC affects almost all industrial metals. The dominating class was Betaproteobacteria (Figure 3). Square coupons (110.3cm) with an exposed area of 1 cm2 were prepared for the analysis. (2015). Build Mater. The authors declare no competing interests. Figure generated using MEGAX. Antibacterial ability of a novel Cu-bearing 2205 duplex stainless steel against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm in artificial seawater. EDS analysis (Fig. After repeated redox deposition of iron and mixing with EPSs, a dense protective layer was formed on the metal surface, resulting in a maximum corrosion rate of only ~0.1mmy1 in an S. oneidensis-inoculated medium and ~0.5mmy1 in a sterile medium. Evol. 2 shows dependence of the corrosion rate of specimens over the time during the corrosion process lasting for 420 h exposed in sterile medium and medium containing bacterium. Biotechnol. Interfaces 10, 2336923379 (2018). Int Biodeterior. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to further analyze the composition of the mineral layer (Supplementary Fig. Int. 46, 201210 (2020). carbon steel; deep biosphere; microbial corrosion; sulfate reducing bacteria; terrestrial biosphere. The micrograph of the coupon exposed to abiotic conditions revealed the presence of a thin layer of corrosion products derived from corrosion reactions promoted by components in the test solution (Fig. This testing usually immediately precedes placing the system in service, and failure may not occur for several months. Mahoney, D. G., Marsh, D. & MacLennan, L. Large Property Damage Losses in the Hydrocarbon-Chemical Industries: A Thirty-Year Review 17th edn. Thank you for visiting nature.com. volume5, Articlenumber:59 (2021) Q235 carbon steel coupons with dimensions of 10103mm3 were used for all tests. Betaproteobacteria belonging to Burkholderiales and Hydrogenophilales are known to use hydrogen as an energy source (Willems et al., 1989; Sthr et al., 2001). Instead, for the other isolates, carbon steel was covered by patchy biofilms (Fig. However, the system had been depressurised, flushed and filled with seawater (previously treated with oxygen scavenger and biocide) to conduct a hydrostatic test. Surf. Evolution of Protein Molecules. 2017 Feb;33(2):195-209. doi: 10.1080/08927014.2017.1285914. Cold worked or stressed copper alloy components are especially susceptible to stress corrosion cracking from ammonia and the bacteria that generate it. When the groundwater was exposed to carbon steel the amount of dsrB copies in water increased to 3.5 106 mL-1 after 3 months in both temperatures (p < 0.01) and decreased to the level of 23 105 copies mL-1 after 8 months (Figure 1B). All coupons were abraded sequentially with 200, 400, 600, and 800 grit sandpapers and then rinsed with ethanol, as described in the literature49. Immersion testing was conducted in a conical flask containing 50ml liquid medium50. Appl. Huang, Y. et al. The dual role of microbes in corrosion. Several seal rings from an in-service offshore oil production facility failed during hydrostatic testing due to corrosion. Sci. In addition, incipient localized corrosion was observed by stereomicroscope and FE-SEM examination in all coupons after pickling (Figures 6 and 7). The obtained 16S rRNA gene sequences fell into four different bacterial clusters in the phylogenetic analysis, Betaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Epsilonroteobacteria, and Deltaroteobacteria (Figure 3). Conductivity (Ec) of the groundwater was 2.11 mS cm-1. Google Scholar. Iron-oxidizing bacteria (IOB) and iron-reducing bacteria (IRB) can easily adhere onto carbon steel surface to form biofilm and affect corrosion processes. PubMed Central Iron reducing Betaproteobacteria were detected in samples where carbon steel was available. 3d was more intense than that in Fig. In this paper, the adsorptions of IOB (Mariprofundus ferrooxydans, M. f.), IRB (Thalassospira sp., T. Toba, K., Suzuki, T., Kawano, K. & Sakai, J. This material had the following elemental composition (weight %): C (0.430.5), Mn (0.60.9), Si (0.150.35), S (0.010.35), P (00.035), Cr (00.40), and Fe (balance). 22, 46734680. Chem. Papavinasam, S. Chapter 11monitoringexternal corrosion. Antimicrobial Coating Efficacy for Prevention of. Microbiology 157, 15511564. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material.
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