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Serum ALT and AST levels were also normalised, but only after supplementation with the highest dose. Hence, they are visible to our naked eye. However, infiltration of inflammatory cells and plasma activities of ALT and AST did not differ among the experimental groups. Oct 2014 - Aug 20227 years 11 months. See water is also a good alternative for commercial cultivation of microalgae. The algal sugars are excellent materials for bioethanol production. Aerucyclamide is used in pharmaceutical products as an anti-plasmodial agent isolated from the blooming of M. aeruginosa [238]. Carmeliet P. Angiogenesis in health and disease. The smallest seaweeds are just a few millimeters in size, but they go up to fifty meters for the largest ones. Marine Microalgae and Biotoxins | Frontiers Research Topic A synergistic use of microalgae and macroalgae for heavy metal bioremediation and bioenergy production . The higher amounts of carbohydrates in algal cells make them an important food source [144]. The crude extract of M. aeruginosa displays high antifungal and antibacterial activity [258]. Sivaramakrishnan et al. Both belong to the class of phytoplankton and require sunlight to live and grow. Improving microalgal oil collecting efficiency by pretreating the microalgal cell wall with destructive bacteria. AlgaEurope en LinkedIn: #algae #microalgae #sustainability #spirulina # Ho SH, Huang SW, Chen CY, Hasunuma T, Kondo A. Chang JS Bioethanol production using carbohydrate-rich microalgae biomass as feedstock. Non-alcoholic fatty liver diseaseA global public health perspective. During growth, the algae cells pass through different phases (e.g., lag, exponential, stationary, death). These bacteria degrade nutrients into forms that can be readily assimilated by microalgae, such as ammonia or nitrate [93]. Chaeto is a green macro algae for refugiums, and is widely regarded for its filtering capabilities. EPA, DHA are produced by serval microalgae species sustainable and promising source and the only alternative to fish oils which are limited and unable to fulfill the required demands of EPA and DHA [193, 194]. The sooner the better. Nutrient deficiency greatly affects the microalgae growth rate and results in low biomass [8992]. However, when free radicals overcome the bodys natural antioxidants, oxidative stress occurs, which is one of the major causes of various dangerous and life-threatening diseases. The authors observed that algae consumption, assessed using a food frequency questionnaire, was negatively associated with the prevalence of NAFLD, especially in non-obese patients. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. FFA, free fatty acids; NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Marin water is a good media for microalgae culture avoiding nutrients cost and enhancing productivity of lipids and other useful products in microalgae biomass [55]. Sforza E, Simionato D, Giacometti GM, Bertucco A, Morosinotto T. Adjusted light and dark cycles can optimize photosynthetic efficiency in algae growing in photobioreactors. Some species of microalgae can produce as much proteins as other rich sources of proteins, e.g. They live in sea- or in freshwater and execute photosynthesis, a process used by these organisms to convert sunlight into biochemical products such as chlorophyll, lipids and further ingredients. Plant sterol-fortified orange juice effectively lowers cholesterol levels in mildly hypercholesterolemic healthy individuals. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. This soil microbial food wakes up starving, dormant soil microbes and puts them to work for you. A critical review on anaerobic digestion of microalgae and macroalgae Roohinejad S., Koubaa M., Barba F.J., Saljoughian S., Amid M., Greiner R. Application of seaweeds to develop new food products with enhanced shelf-life, quality and health-related beneficial properties. Phylogenetically they are distinct and encompassing different phyla and classes [ 10, 33, 34 ]. The future feasibility of bioethanol as an alternative to fossil fuels will largely depend on its economic advantages. Gabbia D., Saponaro M., Sarcognato S., Guido M., Ferri N., Carrara M., De Martin S. Kang M.C., Lee H.G., Kim H.S., Song K.M., Chun Y.G., Lee M.H., Kim B.K., Jeon Y.J. Most algae species are pH sensitive and few can endure a range of pH as broad as that tolerated by C. vulgaris [96]. Christaki E, Bonos E, Giannenas I, Florou-Paneri P. J Sci Food Agric. According to the TEA model biodiesel from algal biomass below $5/gallon gasoline equivalent and bioethanol at the cost $2.95/gal are economically viable [47]. For these reasons, it is not possible to establish the best conditions in order to know the beneficial effects that these algae could bring. However, bacterial community structure was affected by both the diet and the alga. Microalgae, particularly blue-green algae, are now being considered potential sources of active ingredients that can be utilized in the treatment of cancer. The enzymatic conversion of major algal and cyanobacterial carbohydrates to bioethanol. Under normal conditions, microalgae may not produce important metabolites or produce them only in very small amounts. Macro means large. Than N.N., Newsome P.N. Antioxidant activity of a peptide isolated from. In: Morais R, editor. In: Stange C, editor. Murata et al. Epub 2017 Nov 7. Introduction to the algaestructure and reproduction. Pretreatment technologies for an efficient bioethanol production process based on enzymatic hydrolysis: a review. If all the other requirements are met but there is no mixing, biomass productivity will be lowered significantly. The intensive use of fossil fuels worldwide leads to its depletion and will bring them close to the point of exhaustion due to unsustainable and nonrenewable nature. Antimycotic activities have been reported for karatungiols, a group of compounds synthesized by the dinoflagellate Amphidinium [215]. Microalgae species have different pH requirements. Koenraad Muylaert - Department of Biology - KU Leuven They are red algae, green algae and brown algae. These rates are experiencing an upward trend due to the current epidemic of obesity [3] and type 2 diabetes [2]; in fact, about 50% of NAFLD patients and 80% of patients with NASH are obese [4]. [17] have recently studied the preventive effects of Tisochrysis lutea (Tiso) on metabolic alterations associated with obesity, including NAFLD. already built in. Giant kelp, a type of seaweed, is one type of algae, which you may imagine swaying in a tide on the ocean floor. In: Konstantinos N, Papadopoulos PP, editors. In one of these pieces of research, the authors analysed the effects of seaweed supplementation on gut microbiota composition, but they did not establish a clear relationship between these changes and the effects on liver steatosis, just a significant correlation. [23] studied the potential effects of the red algae Palmaria mollis using NSY/HOS mice, assigned to three experimental groups for four weeks. Microalgae and macroalgae can each provide unique benefits for growers and their crops. Macroalgae and Microalgae | 20 | Novel Sources of Functional Food and All these deleterious effects were prevented by the administration of Ulva prolifera (at both doses). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) covers a wide spectrum of histopathological abnormalities ranging from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis (NASH). They include anything from single-celled microalgae like Chlorella to multicellular macroalgae like gigantic kelp and brown algae. Poonam Choudhary, . [401]. Cytoprotective effect of fucoxanthin isolated from brown algae. Sachindra N, Sato E, Maeda H, Hosokawa M, Niwano Y, Kohno M, et al. Microalgae are unicellular algal species that may either live singly or in colonies. Therefore, researchers are searching for new natural antibiotics with a broad action spectrum from natural sources like plants and microorganisms. The diatom Nitzschia pungens produces domoic acid, which causes poisoning of shellfish [213]. Extraction, application, and challenges concerning production. Based on these results, the authors concluded that Undaria pinnatifida supplementation increased the activity of fatty acid oxidation, which is responsible for the lower levels hepatic triglycerides. Recently the microalgae annochloropsis sp, Pavlova lutheri, Tetrasellimis sp have been screened to produce sterols with a net yield of 0.42.6%/dry weight) [179]. Sterols in microalgae. Conceptualization, S.G.-Z. Many reports indicate the potential of natural products, including those produced by microalgae, to treat cancer and tumors by inhibiting angiogenesis. A proper mixing system in a photo-bioreactor not only enables nutrient dissolution and light penetration into the culture but also provides for efficient gaseous exchange [95]. Dried biomass of Haematococcus pluvialis has been commercialized as astaxanthin rich source. Animals were distributed into three groups: the control group was fed with a standard diet, the HFD group received a high-fat diet and the HFD + PL group was administered the same high-fat diet but supplemented with 100 mg/kg body weight of Plocamium telfairiae. Many other compounds besides carotenoids have strong antioxidant activities, such as phenolic compounds and vitamins. The rapid growing population of the world continuously increases the global demand for fuel energy. This should be designed according to the species and the purpose of culture. Some strongly limiting substances can be used as growth enhancers for microalgae. Final report submitted to The British Columbia innovation council. 6. Je JY, Park PJ, Kim SK. Domoic acid: a fascinating marine toxin. Increasing the pH will increase the salinity of the culture media, which is very harmful for algae cells [85]. Chauton MS, Kjell IR, Niels HN, Ragnar T, Hans TK. CO2 constitutes 50% of dry weight of algal biomass. Algal cells are almost like lakes of lignin, which makes them a suitable and preferable feedstock for bioethanol production. MIK and JDK collected the information and reviewed literature. Overall, a consensus fucoxanthin production condition was obtained and proposed: light intensity ranging from 10 to 100 mol/m 2 /s could achieve a higher fucoxanthin content. Algae are broadly classified as Rhodophyta (red algae), Phaeophyta (brown algae), and Chlorophyta (green algae) and classified by size as macroalgae or microalgae. 1Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, San 96-1, Dun-Duk Dong, Yeosu, Chonnam 550-749 South Korea, 2Research Center on Anti-Obesity and Health Care, Chonnam National University, San 96-1, Dun-Duk Dong, Yeosu, Chonnam 550-749 South Korea, Microalgae convert atmospheric CO2 to carbohydrates, lipids, and other valuable bioproducts by using light. Supplementation with the seaweed avoided these effects in a dose-dependent manner. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Interestingly, these effects were totally prevented by the inclusion of the microalgae mixture into the diet. The described data show that both microalgae and macroalgae improved this alteration. Gary Caldwell on LinkedIn: Immobilising Microalgae and Cyanobacteria as Khan M.I., Shin J.H., Kim J.D. However, the carbohydrates in algal biomass are mostly in polymeric form and need conversion to monomers unit to be readily fermented by microorganisms to produce bioethanol [131]. The vast majority of the reported studies analysed the preventive effects, since algae were administered to animals together with the diet that induced liver steatosis. A review of sterol markers for marine and terrigenous organic matter. Two important limitations of the scientific knowledge available to date are: (a) very few studies have investigated the mechanisms of action underlying the preventive effects of algae on liver steatosis, (b) for the majority of the algae studied, a single paper has been reported and thus, it is not possible to establish the best conditions so as to recognise their beneficial effects and (c) all the studies have been performed in male rodents, and consequently potential sexual dimorphism has not been addressed. Light is required for synthesis of ATP and NADPH, which drive the dark reactions of photosynthesis that produce carbon skeletons [66]. Nadir N, Mel M, Karim MA, Yunus RM. Abidov M, Ramazanov Z, Seifulla R, Grachev S. The effects of Xanthigen in the weight management of obese premenopausal women with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and normal liver fat. Makri E., Goulas A., Polyzos S.A. Eslam M., Sanyal A.J., George J., Panel I.C. Plants/Macroalgae - Reef Cleaners Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: a review. 8600 Rockville Pike Epub 2016 Jul 19. They are mostly aquatic and autotrophic in nature. Kumar et al. The two main types are dinoflagellates and diatoms. Many studies have shown the anti-cancer activity of these active products in the lab [239]. Thus, this is the key difference between macroalgae and microalgae. Park H, Lee C. Theoretical calculations on the feasibility of microalgal biofuels: utilization of marine resources could help realizing the potential of microalgae. The described data show that both microalgae and macroalgae improved this alteration. Zeng X, Danquah MK, Chen XD, Lu Y. Microalgae bioengineering: from CO, Lam MK, Lee KT. According to the experimental design used, all the reported studies analysed the preventive effects of microalgae because these were included in the diet that induced liver alterations. Microalgae culture depends on the species and is affected by factors such as nutrient availability (N, P, K, etc. Cheirsilp B, Torpee S. Enhanced growth and lipid production of microalgae under mixotrophic culture condition: effect of light intensity, glucose concentration and fed-batch cultivation. In 2013, Brazil produced 37billionl of bioethanol using sugar cane as the main feedstock. [15] studied the effects of Euglena gracilis (29.4% carbohydrate, 42.3% protein and 19% fat) using STAM (Stelic Animal Model) mice, a model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, induced by streptozocin. Thus, our third aim was the valorization of this waste product. Stomata, xylem, and phloem, which are found in land plants, are absent (Neto & Pinto, 2019). Giner JL, Zhao H, Boyer GL, Satchwell MF, Andersen RA. Mice were distributed into three experimental groups: control group (fed with a standard diet), HFD group (fed with a diet containing 60% of energy as fat) and HFD + CL fed with the same high-fat diet and 250 mg/kg body weight of the algae, administered by oral gavage, for ten weeks. Sterol chemotaxonomy of marine pelagophyte algae. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.11.312. In: Evangelista V, Barsanti L, Frassanito AM, Passarelli V, Gualtieri P, editors. Alvira P, Tomas-Pejo E, Ballesteros M, Negro MJ. Michael A. Borowitzka high-value products from microalgae their development and commercialization. (800) 998-6536. Sugawara T, Matsubara K, Akagi R, Mori M, Hirata T. Antiangiogenic activity of brown algae fucoxanthin and its deacetylated product, fucoxanthinol. Yanagisawa M, Nakamura K, Ariga O, Nakasaki K. Production of high concentrations of bioethanol from seaweeds that contain easily hydrolyzable polysaccharides. Kim HJ, Fan X, Gabbi C, Yakimchuk K, Parini P, Warner M. Liver X receptor (LXR): a link between -sitosterol and amyotrophic lateral sclerosisParkinsons dementia Proc. 2017 Nov 15;235:34-44. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.05.033. It is estimated that there are about 1500 species of green macroalgae, 1800 of brown macroalgae and 6500 of red macroalgae. Animals were distributed into four groups: the control group was fed with a chow diet; the HFD group received a high-fat high-sucrose diet; the L-GEE group was administered the same high-fat high-sucrose diet but supplemented with a low dose of Grateloupia elliptica (125 mg/kg body weight/day) and the H-GEE group was fed with the same high-fat high-sucrose diet but supplemented with a high dose of Grateloupia elliptica (250 mg/kg body weight/day). Barsanti L, Coltelli P, Evangelista V, Frassanito AM, Passarelli V, Vesentini N, Gualtieri P. Oddities and curiosities in the algal world. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). Macroalgae, commonly known as seaweed, also have many commercial and industrial uses, but due to their size and the specific Algaculture - Wikipedia A microbiome (from Ancient Greek (mikrs) 'small', and (bos) 'life') is . Microalgal biofactories: a promising approach towards sustainable omega-3 fatty acid production. 2. The isolation of these compounds and determination of their biotechnological and toxicological applications continues to be studied by various researchers [247]. Ye CP, Zhang MC, Yang YF, Thirumaran G. Photosynthetic performance in aquatic and terrestrial colonies of. Premier Colloque Scientifique Franais sur la Biotechnologie des Microalgues et des Cyanobacteries Applique au Thermalisme. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal doi: 10.1007/s00018-018-2947-0. In the absence of Palmaria mollis, Acox1 gene expression was lower among mice fed with the steatotic diet than in the other groups and Acadm gene expression remained unchanged among the three groups. At the end of the experimental period, and compared to other groups, the HF-Tiso group showed decreased values of body weight, abdominal and epididymal adipose tissues, liver triglyceride content, and plasma AST level, but no changes in ALT level were identified.
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