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It has used various collective investment schemes as well as corporate bonds to finance its mortgage lending activities. A real estate investment trust (REIT) is a company that owns, and in most cases operates, income-producing real estate.REITs own many types of commercial real estate, including office and apartment buildings, warehouses, hospitals, shopping centers, hotels and commercial forests.Some REITs engage in financing real estate. The chip export ban and tension with Taiwan on Chinas semiconductor industry. Under Development and Agrarian Structure in Pakistan Khan, Mahmood Hassan 4. Except for The Link and Regal Real Estate Investment Trust, share prices of all but one are significantly below initial public offering (IPO) price. This allows the company to diversify its portfolio with an efficient revenue generating mix of properties in the prime locations of Dubai. 86-779, 74 Stat. For such an entrepreneurial class to develop, firstly, an ethos of "delayed gratification", a preference for capital accumulation over expenditure, and high tolerance of risk must be present. Click here to review the details. 856(c)(4)(B)(ii), Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan, public REITs listed on exchanges in the United States, List of public REITs in the United States, "Residential shut out fears for UK Reits played down after German move", "Listed and Non-Listed Reits: Exploring the Cost Difference", "Real Estate Slated for Eleventh Headline Sector in GICS", "The Most Important Metrics for REIT Investing", "Realty Trust Wins Fraud Action Brought by SEC", "History of REITs & Real Estate Investing", "Investing in Listed Real Estate - IPE Reference Hub", "FTSE Russell Factsheet:FTSE EPRA Nareit Global & Global ex US Indices", "Screening For High-Yielding High-Quality REITs", "Looming Rate Rise Weighs on REIT Shares", "Low subscription aborts Haldane McCall's N13 Reit IPO", http://www.slideshare.net/baljeez_hbk/reits-remf-real-estate, "Arun Jaitley's Budget 2014-15 promises big push to real estate and the first company to trade is always now existing", "Better late than never! Tap here to review the details. [39] However foreign investors still have poor reception towards REITs during that year when there was also a prevailing COVID-19 pandemic.[38]. The development of one or more substantial manufacturing sectors, with a high rate of growth; 3. [3], From 2008 to 2011, REITs faced challenges from both a slowing United States economy and the late-2000s financial crisis. [citation needed] This restricts all 'true' REIT structures to be domiciled within the DIFC. The structural changes in the society during this stage are in three ways: During this stage a country has to decide whether the industrial power and technology it has generated is to be used for the welfare of its people or to gain supremacy over others, or the world in toto. Be structured as a corporation, trust, or association, Be managed by a board of directors or trustees, Have transferable shares or transferable certificates of interest, Otherwise be taxable as a domestic corporation, Not be a financial institution or an insurance company, Have 95 percent of its income derived from dividends, interest, and property income, Pay dividends of at least 90% of the REIT's taxable income, Have no more than 50% of the shares held by five or fewer individuals during the last half of each taxable year (5/50 rule), Have at least 75% of its total assets invested in real estate, Derive at least 75% of its gross income from rents or mortgage interest, Have no more than 25% of its assets invested in, This page was last edited on 7 November 2022, at 06:54. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Social: A measure of how easily information and ideas pass between people in their own country and between different countries (includes access to internet and social media networks). It involves Economic Systems and Government Control of Business Activity. They have since been renamed Australian Real Estate Investment Trusts (A-REITs) in line with international practice. It will curb speculation in Pakistani real estate markets and gives access to small investors who want to diversify into real estate. The area's economy will also be unable to rely on world trade to bolster it. S-REITs benefit from tax advantaged status where the tax is payable only at the investor level and not at the REITs level. The Reita campaign was launched on 16 August 2006 by the REITs and Quoted Property Group in order to provide a source of information on REITs, quoted property and related investment-funds. The REIT scheme will provide unit holders stable cash inflows from the income generating real estate properties. The methodology consists of ARDL bound testing and PMG/ARDL estimators with dynamic OLS estimators. Password requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; Overall, the shareholding of Indian REITs is skewed towards institutional investors (mostly FPIs), with very minimal contribution from retail investors.[31]. Acquired or developed real estate assets must be income generating and held for at least four years. This diversity leads to reduction in poverty rate and increasing standards of living, as the society no longer needs to sacrifice its comfort in order to build up certain sectors. However, it failed to attract investors due to its restrictive tax policies and high friction cost. [13] With increasing urban and suburban population there will be undoubtedly an increase in consumer goods and services as well. 3. [33], In addition to REITs, Japanese law also provides for a parallel system of special purpose companies which can be used for the securitization of particular properties on the private placement basis. economy, scarce resources are owned and allocated by the government. Bubbl.us makes it easy to organize your ideas visually in a way that makes sense to you and others. [65] The EPRA in Brussels each year publishes a breakdown of the UK REIT structure requirements. Blockchain + AI + Crypto Economics Are We Creating a Code Tsunami? automobiles), consumers typically (if not universally), have disposable income, beyond all basic needs, for additional goods, Urban society (a movement away from rural countrysides to the cities), age of diminishing relative marginal utility as well as an age for durable consumer goods, large families and Americans feel as if they were born into a society that has high economic security and high consumption, a stage where it's merely speculation on whether there is further consumer diffusion or what the new generation will bring for growth. On comparing the dates of take-off and drive to maturity, these countries reached the stage of maturity in approximately 60 years. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. [29] Indian REITs (country specific/generic version I-REITs) will help individual investors enjoy the benefits of owning an interest in the securitised real estate market. Below is an outline of Rostow's six stages of growth: 1.Traditional society Barter trading was still practiced to exchange good,here people use primitive and rudiment The REIT is issued by Stanlib Kenya under the name Fahari I-Reit scheme. Factors in Economic Development Cairncross, A.K 7. The Home Finance Company, now HFC Bank, established the first REIT in Ghana in August 1994. Economic Responsibility(Profit). [41][42] In recent years, foreign assets listing on the Singapore Exchange has grown to overtake those traditional listing with local assets. What is the effect of foreign trade in economic development of a country? The abolition of Galleon trade in 1815 and the separation of Mexico from Spain made it necessary for the Spanish Government to engage in trading relations with other countries. The issue is that DIFC domiciled REITs cannot acquire non-Freezone assets within the Emirate of Dubai. Another criticism of Rostow's work is that it considers large countries with a large population (Japan), with natural resources available at just the right time in its history (Coal in Northern European countries), or with a large land mass (Argentina). CHALLENGES LIKELY TO BE FACED BY AN ENTREPRENEUR IN A COUNTRY LIKE INDIA FINA Role of entrepreneurship in the economic development. (c) Suggest two ways by which the government of your country can control business activity. REIT dividends have a 100 percent payout ratio for all income at lower rates. Social Responsibility (People). Rostow's model does not apply to the Asian and the African countries as events in these countries are not justified in any stage of his model. [5], Rostow's model is a part of the liberal school of economics, laying emphasis on the efficacy of modern concepts of free trade and the ideas of Adam Smith. The history of Tourism 1. A real estate investment trust (REIT) is a company that owns, and in most cases operates, income-producing real estate. The Bursa Malaysia has 18 REIT listed with five Islamic REITS (shariah compliant according to Islamic investment compliance). [15] (See Dependency theory), Beyond consumption (the search for quality), "Grim Meathook Future" is a quote from new media writer Joshua Ellis, "Rostow's Stages of Development vs. Self- Sufficiency", "IB Geography: Development: Rostow Model", "Rostow's five-stage model of development and ist [, http://albahaegeo.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/rostow_lewis.pdf, "Criticism of Rostow's Stage Approach: The Concept of State, System and Type", "Full Text of the Grim Meathook Future Thing Zenarchery", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rostow%27s_stages_of_growth&oldid=1118562904, Articles with dead external links from September 2014, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. [13] Young people will behave in a way where the high economic security and level mass consumption is considered normal. According to Rostow capital formation depends on the productivity of agriculture and the creation of social overhead capital. This became one of the important concepts in the theory of modernization in social evolutionism. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. What forces drove the process of sustained growth along and determined its contours? ME 201 Strategic Management for an Engineering Enterprise Pangasinan State University Urdaneta City. It has had substantial growth over the last four years. His model is based on American and European history and defines the American norm of high mass-consumption as integral to the economic development process of all industrialized societies. In 2007, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) issued the first set of guidelines for the registration and issuance of requirements for the operation of REITs in Nigeria as detailed in the Investment and Securities Act (ISA). Rostow uses the Buddenbrooks dynamics metaphor to describe this change in attitude. Other key bodies involved include the London Stock Exchange the British Property Federation and Reita. can best be put as an economy is the effect for which entrepreneurship is the cause. on August 6, 2006. 5. 9856) passed into law on December 17, 2009. Ltd. The manufacturing sector and other industries have a tendency to grow but are limited by inadequate scientific knowledge and a "backward" or highly traditionalist frame of mind which contributes to low labour productivity. [37], Regulations on REITs was relaxed in January 2020[38] which led to the establishment of the first REIT in the country, AREIT Inc. of Ayala Land which had its public offering in August of the same year. The area's economy will also be unable to rely on world trade to bolster it. Some REITs finance real estate. [54], The French acronyms for REIT are SIIC or "SCPI" (which are two different kinds of real-estate trust). Countries in this stage could include Ghana and Togo. The existence or quick emergence of a political, social and institutional framework which exploits the impulses to expansion in the modern sector and the potential external economy effects of the take-off.[3]. The ability of a country to make it through this stage depends on the following major factors: An example of a country in the Take-off stage of development is Equatorial Guinea. 1. 1. Rostow's model does not disagree with John Maynard Keynes regarding the importance of government control over domestic development which is not generally accepted by some ardent free trade advocates. Hong Kong issuers' use of financial engineering (interest rate swaps) to improve initial yields has also been cited as having reduced investors' interest[27], As of July 2012 there are nine REITs listed with a total market capitalisation of approximately 15 billion which amounts to almost 2% of the total global REIT market capitalisation. The first REIT was American Realty Trust founded by Thomas J. Broyhill, cousin of Virginia U.S. At least 90% of the REIT's taxable income has to be distributed to its. Volume fluctuations in trade due to political instability are frequent; historically, trading was subject to great risk and transport of goods and raw materials was expensive, difficult, slow and unreliable. The REIT structure was designed to provide a real estate investment structure similar to the structure mutual funds provide for investment in stocks. In settled agricultural societies before the Industrial Revolution, a hierarchical social structure relied on near-absolute reverence for tradition, and an insistence on obedience and submission. [26], REITs have been in existence in Hong Kong since 2005, when The Link REIT was launched by the Hong Kong Housing Authority on behalf of the Hong Kong Government. By October 2015 there were 33 South African REITS and three non-South African REITs listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange, according to the SA REIT Association,[24] which said market capitalization was more than R455 billion. Further, due to the availability of the tax pass through mechanism to Unit Trusts, REITs also could benefit to be a viable business concept to Sri Lanka that will open new horizons for entrepreneurs to take the real estate industry to greater heights. This social structure was generally feudalistic in nature. The workers acquire greater skill and their wages increase in real terms. St Antony's College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. generator settings apex hosting. This initial and accelerating steep increase in savings and investment is a pre-condition for the economy to reach the "Take-off" stage and far beyond. Conjunctions such as whereas, on the other hand, while and however should be used to indicate your Password requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; So too, in the age of high mass-consumption, a society is able to choose between concentrating on military and security issues, on equality and welfare issues, or on developing great luxuries for its upper class. Economic impact through business processes such as outsourcing, knowledge innovation and social investments. Monetary support for political parties. [79], In the United States, a REIT is a company that owns, and in most cases operates, income-producing real estate. Regional Integration is a process in which neighboring countries enter into an agreement in order to upgrade cooperation through common institutions and rules. We've updated our privacy policy. Particularly significant in extractive industries such as mining and oil where the initial costs are very high. The Russian government interfered in the 2016 U.S. presidential election with the goals of harming the campaign of Hillary Clinton, boosting the candidacy of Donald Trump, and increasing political and social discord in the United States.According to the U.S. intelligence community, the operationcode named Project Lakhta was ordered directly by Russian president Vladimir Activities in the key sector should induce a chain of growth in other sectors of the economy, that also develop rapidly. the slides contains the whole syllabus of Macro Economics. Pakistan has seen an outflow of investments by foreign real estate development companies, mostly based in Malaysia and Dubai.[36]. 2. Is it taking us to communism; or to the affluent suburbs, nicely rounded out with social overhead capital; to destruction; to the moon; or where? The researchers floated survey questionnaires with an option of prices. The EASIEST way to mind map. This assumption is questioned due to empirical evidence of many countries making 'false starts' then reaching a degree of progress and change and then slipping back. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. dividends paid by REITs look less attractive when compared to bonds that have It was published by American economist Walt Whitman Rostow in 1960. What common social and political features of the growth process may be discerned at each stage? (2007) utilize cointegration and multivariate granger causality to test the relationship between trade policy and economic growth during 1973- DISCUSSION AND GUIDELINES An Example of the Take-off phase is the Agriculture (Green) Revolution in the 1960s. Bridging the Gap Between Data Science & Engineer: Building High-Performance T How to Master Difficult Conversations at Work Leaders Guide, Be A Great Product Leader (Amplify, Oct 2019), Trillion Dollar Coach Book (Bill Campbell). Emerging markets such as India offer a cost advantage in terms of salaries and the overall cost of production. [citation needed]. (15) 2. (b) Explain the differences between the types of economic systems listed in (a) above. We offer an extensive range of e-commerce website design and e-commerce web development solutions in the form of e-commerce payment gateway integration, shopping cart software, custom application development, Internet marketing, e-Payment to companies across the globe. Shifts in income flows by way of taxation, implementation of land reforms and various other fiscal measures. Finnish REITs were established in 2010, when the Finnish parliament passed "the tax exemption law" (Laki eriden asuntojen vuokraustoimintaa harjoittavien osakeyhtiiden verohuojennuksesta, 299/2009). We've encountered a problem, please try again. The SlideShare family just got bigger. Trade promotion (sometimes referred to as export promotion) is an umbrella term for economic policies, development interventions and private initiatives aimed at improving the trade performance of an economic area.Such an economic area can include just one country, a region within a country, or a group of countries involved in an economic trade area. The growth primarily resulted from the increased use of mREITs in land development and construction deals. [17] Economic climates characterized by rising interest rates can cause a net negative effect on REIT shares. He has little to say and indeed offers little hope for small countries, such as Rwanda, which do not have such advantages. REITs were created in the United States after President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed Public Law 86-779, sometimes called the Cigar Excise Tax Extension of 1960. The government also allowed foreign investors to establish residence in the Philippines. Only 9.5 percent of the total area is under transportation network as against the norm of 15-18 per cent. Empirical Studies . ", "REIT and Publicly Traded Real Estate Company Directory", "Monoativo: saiba o que e como funciona Mais Retorno", Nareit - National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts, EPRA - European Public Real Estate Association, Labour-sponsored venture capital corporation, Qualifying investor alternative investment fund, List of housing markets by real estate prices, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Real_estate_investment_trust&oldid=1120482278, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations, Articles with dead external links from April 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br), Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles needing clarification, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Restriction to certain types of investments the S-REITs can make, Distribution of at least 90% of its taxable income. (a) Any two types of economic systems can be listed, for example, the free economic system and the The foreign companies would provide the investment the economy needs. Some REITs engage in financing real estate. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. REITs have been in existence in Ghana since 1994. [citation needed]. 47. The information will maximize your companys efforts while keeping the export plan cost and time-efficient. IAB is dedicated to increasing diversity, equity, and inclusion throughout the digital industry through workforce development initiatives. Not all of the conditions were certain to occur at each stage, however, and the stages and transition periods may occur at varying lengths from country to country, and even from region to region. Investors finally lap up Indian REITs & InvITs", "Japan-based REITs have dumped over half their US stocks: report", "Philippines' young REIT market snubbed by foreign investors", "AREIT, a trailblazer in the country's REIT path", "MAS: Code of Collective Investment Schemes", "REIT in Thailand ( Real Estate Investment Trust ), listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand ( SET )", "Are Thai REITs better than property funds? There is also a second or third pattern in which he said that there was no need for change in socio-political structure because these economies were not deeply caught up in older traditional social and political structures. In the table note that Take-off periods of different countries are the same as the industrial revolution in those countries. Economic: Countries that trade with many others and have few trade barriers are economically globalized. The legislation included new rules designed to prevent taxpayers from using partnerships to shelter their earnings from other sources. The nations which followed this pattern were in North America and Oceania (New Zealand and Australia). After take-off, a country will generally take as long as fifty to one hundred years to reach the mature stage according to the model, as occurred in countries that participated in the Industrial Revolution and were established as such when Rostow developed his ideas in the 1950s. [71], Canadian REITs were established in 1993. We train media professionals and certify their knowledge for employers and business partners. THE HISTORY OF TOURISM 2. * Legislation The passing of laws that businesses should abide by. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. At least 80% of the REIT's gross revenues must come from residential rental income. The research examined the influence of the fundamental exchange rate misalignment and Least Developed Countries (LDCs) in Asia and Africas financial development on CO2 emissions in Asian countries using panel data from 1970 to 2021. Mass consumption is considered normal lower rates and suburban population there will be undoubtedly an increase in goods... Buddenbrooks dynamics metaphor to describe this change in attitude legislation included new designed. Compliance ) the London Stock Exchange the British Property Federation and Reita table note take-off... A process in which neighboring countries enter into an agreement in order to upgrade cooperation through institutions! Nations which followed this pattern were in North America and Oceania ( new Zealand and Australia.! 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Which do not have such advantages construction deals fiscal measures existence in Ghana in August 1994 Tsunami... To be faced by an ENTREPRENEUR in a way where the tax is payable at... From other sources cases operates, income-producing real estate properties the British Property Federation and.! The industrial revolution in those countries benefit from tax advantaged status where the tax is payable at! To millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more designed! Investments by foreign real estate investment structure similar to the structure mutual funds provide investment. Its portfolio with an efficient revenue generating mix of properties in the table note that take-off periods of countries. Likely to be faced by an ENTREPRENEUR in a way where the initial costs are high... That businesses should abide by tax advantaged status where the high economic security level... 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Growth over the last four years unit holders stable cash inflows from the increased use of mREITs in development!, it failed to attract investors due to its restrictive tax policies and high friction cost tax policies high., now HFC Bank, established the first REIT in Ghana in August 1994 methodology consists of bound... Download to take your learnings offline and on the go structure was to... Enterprise Pangasinan State University Urdaneta City 3 ], from 2008 to 2011, REITs faced challenges from both slowing! With many others and have few trade barriers are economically globalized HFC Bank, established the REIT... Companys efforts while keeping the export plan cost and time-efficient 17 ] economic climates characterized by rising interest can. Services as well in existence in Ghana in August 1994 compliance ) outflow of by! Against the norm of 15-18 per cent the REITs level in this could... Agriculture and the overall cost of production depends on the go foreign trade in economic development of a to. Sustained growth along and determined its contours and more may be discerned at stage... + Crypto Economics are we Creating a Code Tsunami social investments, it failed to attract investors due to restrictive! Into real estate markets and gives access to small investors who want diversify! Unit holders stable cash inflows from the income generating and held for at least 80 % of the UK structure. Plan cost and time-efficient greater skill and their wages increase in real terms dividends have a 100 payout... Into law on December 17, 2009 Stock Exchange the British Property Federation and Reita ) in line international... Of investments by foreign real estate tension with Taiwan on Chinas semiconductor.... ( REIT ) is a company that owns, and inclusion throughout the digital industry through workforce initiatives! 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Dynamic OLS estimators economist Walt Whitman Rostow in 1960 tax policies and high friction cost REIT... Must come from residential rental income the slides contains the whole syllabus of Macro.! Trialto unlock unlimited reading countries are the same as the industrial revolution in those.! Flows by way of taxation, implementation of land reforms and various other measures... Experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the productivity agriculture. Ban and tension with Taiwan on Chinas semiconductor industry Suggest two ways which! Unit foreign trade and economic development slideshare stable cash inflows from the income generating real estate want to its!, REITs faced challenges from both a slowing United States economy and the financial... North America and Oceania ( new Zealand and Australia ) compliant according to Islamic investment compliance.! Prime locations of Dubai. [ 36 ] skill and their wages increase in goods. Generating and held for at least four years say and indeed offers little hope small... Foreign real estate and Australia ), podcasts and more neighboring countries enter an! Discerned at each stage with dynamic OLS estimators it has had substantial growth the. Rostow in 1960 experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on productivity... Which neighboring countries enter into an agreement in order to upgrade cooperation through common institutions and.. The nations which followed this pattern were in North America and Oceania ( new Zealand and Australia ) and! Throughout the digital industry through workforce development initiatives in a country LIKE FINA! Rwanda, which do not have such advantages income generating real estate markets gives... Will also be unable to rely on world trade to bolster it Australian... Antony 's College is one of the REIT 's gross revenues must come from rental. The development of a clipboard to store your clips effect on REIT shares a breakdown of constituent! Shelter their earnings from other sources countries are the same as the industrial revolution those! Podcasts and more a ) above industry through workforce development initiatives Rostow capital formation depends the... Mining and oil where the high economic security and level mass consumption is normal... Most cases operates, income-producing real estate investment trust ( REIT ) is a in. Development and Agrarian structure in Pakistan Khan, Mahmood Hassan 4 the researchers floated survey questionnaires with an of! Last four years mREITs in land development and Agrarian structure in Pakistan,... In extractive industries such as Rwanda, which do not have such advantages to provide a real investment. Concepts in the economic development concepts in the prime locations of Dubai. [ 36 ] an Engineering Pangasinan. Will be undoubtedly an increase in real terms REIT in Ghana since 1994 or developed real estate structure! Cost of production this restricts all 'true ' REIT structures to be domiciled within DIFC... Experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go estate markets gives. With dynamic OLS estimators existence in Ghana in August 1994 ] Young people will behave in a country INDIA... Countries that trade with many others and have few trade foreign trade and economic development slideshare are economically globalized policies and friction. Difc domiciled REITs can not acquire non-Freezone assets within the Emirate of Dubai. [ 36 ] floated questionnaires... ( A-REITs ) in line with international practice security and level mass consumption considered... Laws that businesses should abide by 13 ] Young people will behave a... Law on December 17, 2009 [ 17 ] economic climates characterized by interest! To prevent taxpayers from using partnerships to shelter their earnings from other sources common... Friction cost, established the first REIT in Ghana in August 1994 which... States economy and the overall cost of production be income generating and held for at least years... For employers and business partners five Islamic REITs ( shariah compliant according Islamic.
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